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5G Network Architectures and Technologies
Basic Concepts
A 5G network consists of a wireless network and core network. The following describes the concepts needed to understand 5G network architectures:
- Evolved Packet Core (EPC): an LTE core network. EPC is classified into two types: traditional LTE core network (supporting access through LTE base stations) and upgraded LTE core network (also called EPC+, supporting access through 5G base stations).
- Next Generation Core (NGC): a 5G core network. NGC is a core network built based on 5G standards and supports access to 5G base stations.
- eNodeB (eNB): an LTE base station. Two types of eNBs are available: One is the conventional LTE eNB, supporting connections to an LTE core network, and the other is the enhanced LTE (eLTE) eNB, supporting connections to both the LTE core network and 5G core network.
- gNodeB (gNB): a 5G base station. gNBs are base stations deployed based on 5G standards to provide wireless access to 5G networks.
- 5G modem: is built into a router to implement the 5G function and maintain compatibility with the LTE and 3G functions.
- User equipment (UE): a terminal device used by a user to access a wireless network. On a WAN, a UE is a router. A UE has two roles: terminal equipment (TE) and mobile station (MS). On a WAN, a router functions as a TE, and a 5G modem functions as an MS.
- Non-standalone (NSA): non-standalone networking. In NSA networking, 5G base stations cannot be deployed independently, requiring LTE base stations to be used as anchor points on the control plane for access to the core network. NSA is a transitional solution that focuses on eMBB services and is applicable to early 5G deployment.
- Standalone (SA): standalone networking. SA uses an end-to-end 5G network architecture, where 5G standards are used on terminals, base stations, and core networks. SA supports a variety of 5G new services, including eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC, and is applicable to the middle and later stages of 5G network construction.
5G Network Architectures of Routers
Routers support NSA and SA. Figure 13-1 shows NSA networking, and Figure 13-2 shows SA networking.
